Overfishing in the area was recognised as early as the 1960s but, because this was occurring on international waters, it took until the late 1970s before any attempts to regulate was made. December average water temperature in Atlantic City is 9.1°C/48.4°F, the minimum temperature is 4.4°C/39.9°F, and the maximum is 13.6°C/56.5°F. Il sépare l'Eurafrique de l'Amérique et du Groenland, et il est né de cassures d'âge secondaire, qui n'ont cessé de s'élargir depuis. Mises à … 34–30 Ma a deeper seaway developed, followed by an Eocene–Oligocene climatic deterioration and the growth of the Antarctic ice sheet. Its eastern portion includes eddying branches of the North Atlantic Current which transport warm, saline waters from the subtropics to the north-eastern Atlantic. [43] The origin of the Sargasso fauna and flora remained enigmatic for centuries. Saison cyclonique dans l'océan Atlantique sud‎ – 1 C Pages dans la catégorie « Climat de l'océan Atlantique » Cette catégorie contient les 6 pages suivantes. [68] During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) 20,000 years ago humans had to abandon their initial settlements along the European North Atlantic coast and retreat to the Mediterranean. For European countries with direct access to the Atlantic (including Britain, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain) 1500–1800 was a period of sustained growth during which these countries grew richer than those in Eastern Europe and Asia. Following rapid climate changes at the end of the LGM this region was repopulated by Magdalenian culture. Carte de la température des eaux de surface de l’océan Atlantique (secteur Golfe du Méxique/ Caraïbes) en mai 2015 (© 2015 by Ocean Remote Sensing Group, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory). [69] The European coasts of the North Atlantic were permanently populated about 9–8.5 thousand years ago. [2][3] It covers approximately 20 percent of Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. [6], Every winter, the Icelandic Low produces frequent storms. [6], The Gulf Stream and its northern extension towards Europe, the North Atlantic Drift is thought to have at least some influence on climate. Precipitation can be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from water temperatures. Drift net fishing can kill dolphins, albatrosses and other seabirds (petrels, auks), hastening the fish stock decline and contributing to international disputes. [45] Recent but disputed research suggests that eels possibly use Earth's magnetic field to navigate through the ocean both as larvae and as adults. In the 1953 definition it extends south to Antarctica, while in later maps it is bounded at the 60° parallel by the Southern Ocean. The winds that are cooled or warmed when blowing over these currents influence adjacent land areas. By end of the 17th century, the volume of the Trans-Atlantic trade had surpassed that of the Mediterranean trade. Spain and Portugal monopolized this trade in order to keep other European nations out, but conflicting interests nevertheless led to a series of Spanish-Portuguese wars. In the 1870s, the Challenger expedition discovered parts of what is now known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, or: An elevated ridge rising to an average height of about 1,900 fathoms [3,500 m; 11,400 ft] below the surface traverses the basins of the North and South Atlantic in a meridianal direction from Cape Farewell, probably its far south at least as Gough Island, following roughly the outlines of the coasts of the Old and the New Worlds. [31] The exploration of the MAR in the 1950s led to the general acceptance of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics. The biggest culprits are rivers and with them many agriculture fertilizer chemicals as well as livestock and human waste. Le Gulf Stream (et sa prolongation, la dérive d'Atlantique nord) apportent de l'eau chaude et salée au nord-est de l'Atlantique, en chauffant l'Europe de l'ouest. [75] Furthermore, colonisation models based on mtDNA, yDNA, and atDNA data respectively support neither the "blitzkrieg" nor the "three-wave" hypotheses but they also deliver mutually ambiguous results. The MAR is a barrier for bottom water, but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other. Atlantic Ocean, body of salt water covering about one-fifth of Earth’s surface and separating the continents of Europe and Africa to the east from those of North and South America to the west. A USAF C-124 aircraft from Dover Air Force Base, Delaware was carrying three nuclear bombs over the Atlantic Ocean when it experienced a loss of power. Visualiser les conditions éoliennes, météorologiques, océanographiques et de pollution actuelles, telles que prévues par des superordinateurs, sur une carte animée interactive. Colonialism evolved as part of the Trans-Atlantic trade, but this trade also strengthened the position of merchant groups at the expense of monarchs. Rifting in the central segment, however, coincided with the Cretaceous Normal Superchron (also known as the Cretaceous quiet period), a 40 Ma period without magnetic reversals, which makes it difficult to date sea-floor spreading in this segment. The Ertebølle middens in Denmark, for example, accumulated 2,000 m3 (71,000 cu ft) of shell deposits representing some 50 million molluscs over only a thousand years. The apparent fit between the coastlines of the two continents was noted on the first maps that included the South Atlantic and it was also the subject of the first computer-assisted plate tectonic reconstructions in 1965. [62], In the Falkland segment rifting began with dextral movements between the Patagonia and Colorado sub-plates between the Early Jurassic (190 Ma) and the Early Cretaceous (126.7 Ma). Due to a consistently strong wind shear and a weak Intertropical Convergence Zone, South Atlantic tropical cyclones are rare. [54], Geologically, the Northern Atlantic is the area delimited to the south by two conjugate margins, Newfoundland and Iberia, and to the north by the Arctic Eurasian Basin. The Gulf Stream also keeps extreme temperatures from occurring on the Florida Peninsula. It is governed by ocean currents from marginal seas and regional topography, rather than being steered by wind, both in the deep ocean and at sea level. Prévisions météo plage de Biarritz heure par heure, demain et à 15 jours. [47], Hurricanes are a hazard in the western parts of the North Atlantic during the summer and autumn. [66] [71], The same development can be seen in Europe. Excluding its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers 81,760,000 km2 (31,570,000 sq mi) and has a volume of 305,811,900 km3 (73,368,200 cu mi). [62], In the southern segment the Early Cretaceous (133–130 Ma) intensive magmatism of the Paraná–Etendeka Large Igneous Province produced by the Tristan hotspot resulted in an estimated volume of 1.5×106 to 2.0×106 km3 (3.6×105 to 4.8×105 cu mi). Pornichet sea water temperatures peak in the range 18 to 22°C (64 to 72°F) on around the 17th of August and are at their minimum on about the 1st of March, in the range 10 to 11°C (50 to 52°F). This heat uptake provides a time-lag for climate change but it also results in thermal expansion of the oceans which contributes to sea level rise. First small ocean basins opened and a shallow gateway appeared during the Middle Eocene. Another important species was the Brazilian sardinella, with a production of 100,000 tons in 2013 it is now considered overfished. Active and inactive spreading systems in this area are marked by the interaction with the Iceland hotspot. Climatic zones vary with latitude; the warmest zones stretch across the Atlantic north of the equator. 44% of stocks are being fished at unsustainable levels. [80], In the colonies of the Americas, depredation, smallpox and others diseases, and slavery quickly reduced the indigenous population of the Americas to the extent that the Atlantic slave trade had to be introduced to replace them — a trade that became the norm and an integral part of the colonization. Comment la température de surface de l’Atlantique nord a-t-elle fluctué au cours des 3000 dernières années ? [79], Christopher Columbus reached the Americas in 1492 under Spanish flag. Changes in the formation of NADW have been linked to global climate changes in the past. Prévisions des conditions de baignade : température de l'eau, indice UV et état de la mer. [6], The shelves of the Atlantic hosts one of the world's richest fishing resources. Maximum temperatures occur north of the equator, and minimum values are found in the polar regions. [26] The depth of water at the apex of the ridge is less than 2,700 m (1,500 fathoms; 8,900 ft) in most places, while the bottom of the ridge is three times as deep. [91], North Atlantic hurricane activity has increased over past decades because of increased sea surface temperature (SST) at tropical latitudes, changes that can be attributed to either the natural Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) or to anthropogenic climate change. This did not last, however, and temperatures quickly dropped; at 1080 CE summer temperatures had reached a maximum of 5 °C (41 °F). [41] No later than 130 Ma rifting had reached the Walvis Ridge–Rio Grande Rise. These two intermediate waters have different salinity in the western and eastern basins. [59][60] This magnificent fit, however, has since then proven problematic and later reconstructions have introduced various deformation zones along the shorelines to accommodate the northward-propagating break-up. [4] The average depth is 3,646 m (11,962 ft) and the maximum depth, the Milwaukee Deep in the Puerto Rico Trench, is 8,376 m (27,480 ft). L'eau plus chaude induit une augmentation du nombre et de la puissance des phénomènes violents tels que les ouragans. Get the forecast for today, tonight & tomorrow's weather for Atlantique, NY. In the western Atlantic carbonate platforms dominate large areas, for example, the Blake Plateau and Bermuda Rise. [52] As one component of the interconnected World Ocean, it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean, to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and the Southern Ocean in the south (other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica). [77] The most productive areas include the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, the Scotian Shelf, Georges Bank off Cape Cod, the Bahama Banks, the waters around Iceland, the Irish Sea, the Bay of Fundy, the Dogger Bank of the North Sea, and the Falkland Banks. During the LGM the Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of northern North America while Beringia connected Siberia to Alaska. Meteo Paris - … [32] The deep ocean floor is thought to be fairly flat with occasional deeps, abyssal plains, trenches, seamounts, basins, plateaus, canyons, and some guyots. [49], In many places, the continental shelf and continental slope are covered in thick sedimentary layers. [6], The Coriolis effect circulates North Atlantic water in a clockwise direction, whereas South Atlantic water circulates counter-clockwise. For other uses, see, Extent of the Atlantic Ocean according to the 2002 IHO definition, excluding, For complete lists of marginal seas and borders of the Atlantic, see, For the extent of the Southern Ocean, see, For a list of fracture zones in the Atlantic, see, Opening of the Central Atlantic 200-170 Ma, Sebastian A. Gerlach "Marine Pollution", Springer, Berlin (1975), List of bordering countries (not drainage basin), Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories, List of notable crossings of the Atlantic Ocean, collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery, List of countries and territories bordering the Atlantic Ocean, "An inside look at the first solo trip to the deepest point of the Atlantic", "Ἀτλαντίς, DGE Diccionario Griego-Español", "World Map / World Atlas / Atlas of the World Including Geography Facts and Flags - WorldAtlas.com", World Heritage Centre: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, The Geological Society: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Marchal, Waelbroeck & Colin de Verdière 2016, "Do Baby Eels Use Magnetic Maps to Hitch a Ride on the Gulf Stream? Traces of magmatism in both offshore and onshore basins in the central and southern segments have been dated to 147–49 Ma with two peaks between 143 and 121 Ma and 90–60 Ma. Fisheries have, however, undergone significant changes since the 1950s and global catches can now be divided into three groups of which only two are observed in the Atlantic: fisheries in the Eastern Central and South-West Atlantic oscillate around a globally stable value, the rest of the Atlantic is in overall decline following historical peaks. [43], Other species endemic to the Sargasso Sea include the sargassum fish, a predator with algae-like appendages which hovers motionless among the Sargassum. Température de l'eau de l'océan atlantique en janvier - Minimum : 33°F/Maximum : 84°F Température de l'eau de l'océan atlantique en février - Minimum : 30°F/Maximum : 85°F Température de l'eau de l'océan atlantique en mars - Minimum : 30°F/Maximum : 85°F Température de l'eau de l'océan atlantique en avril - Minimum : 33°F/Maximum : 85°F Température de l'eau de l'océan atlantique en mai - … 60,000 years ago? The North Atlantic garbage patch is estimated to be hundreds of kilometers across in size.[90]. It is possible that the population in the Sargasso Sea migrated to the Atlantic as the Tethys closed at the end of the Miocene around 17 Ma. Almost half of the stocks are fished at biologically unsustainable levels. The Gibraltar Arc in the western Mediterranean is migrating westward into the Central Atlantic where it joins the converging African and Eurasian plates. The Laurentian Abyss is found off the eastern coast of Canada. [67], Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies indicate that 80–60,000 years ago a major demographic expansion within Africa, derived from a single, small population, coincided with the emergence of behavioral complexity and the rapid MIS 5–4 environmental changes. A settlement on Greenland was established before 1000 CE, but contact with it was lost in 1409 and it was finally abandoned during the early Little Ice Age. The most important species in the area, Gulf menhaden, reached a million tons in the mid-1980s but only half a million tons in 2013 and is now considered fully fished. A small population of modern humans — probably fewer than a thousand reproducing individuals — survived glacial maxima by exploring the high diversity offered by these Palaeo-Agulhas plains. Referred to as "Newfoundland Currency" this discovery yielded some 200 million tons of fish over five centuries. It also expanded the exploited areas from near-shore to the open sea and to great depths to include deep-water species such as redfish, Greenland halibut, witch flounder, and grenadiers. Geologists distinguish two magmatic phases. La figure 4.3 représente la distribution moyenne de la température sur une coupe de l'océan Atlantique Ouest.Cette figure illustre bien le confinement des températures élevées dans la partie supérieure de l'océan. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries new fisheries started to exploit haddock, mackerel, and lobster. 1.202.4): Atlantis thalassa (Greek: Ἀτλαντὶς θάλασσα; English: 'Sea of Atlantis' or 'the Atlantis sea'[8]) where the name refers to "the sea beyond the pillars of Heracles" which is said to be part of the sea that surrounds all land. The southern subtropical gyre is partly masked by a wind-induced Ekman layer. [94], The ocean mixed layer plays an important role in heat storage over seasonal and decadal time-scales, whereas deeper layers are affected over millennia and have a heat capacity about 50 times that of the mixed layer. The extent of the volcanism has been estimated to 4.5×106 km2 (1.7×106 sq mi) of which 2.5×106 km2 (9.7×105 sq mi) covered what is now northern and central Brazil. The population of a number of deep-sea fishes also collapsed in the process, including American plaice, redfish, and Greenland halibut, together with flounder and grenadier. Arctic saithe and haddock are considered fully fished; Sand eel is overfished as was capelin which has now recovered to fully fished. Recovery plans for cod, sole, and plaice have reduced mortality in these species. The earliest exploitation, however, took place on the now submerged shelves, and most settlements now excavated were then located several kilometers from these shelves. The most important species, the Argentine shortfin squid, which reached half a million tons in 2013 or half the peak value, is considered fully fished to overfished. In the higher latitudes, the North Atlantic Drift, warms the atmosphere over the oceans, keeping the British Isles and north-western Europe mild and cloudy, and not severely cold in winter like other locations at the same high latitude. La température de l'océan Atlantique, sur les côtes canadiennes, continue de grimper, selon la plus récente étude sur les conditions océanographiques de Pêches et Océans Canada. The opening of the Northern Atlantic closely followed the margins of its predecessor, the Iapetus Ocean, and spread from the Central Atlantic in six stages: Iberia–Newfoundland, Porcupine–North America, Eurasia–Greenland, Eurasia–North America. The exact timing is controversial with estimates ranging from 200 to 170 Ma. Contradictory data from archaeology and genetics will most likely deliver future hypotheses that will, eventually, confirm each other. The slave trade was officially abolished in the British Empire and the United States in 1808, and slavery itself was abolished in the British Empire in 1838 and in the United States in 1865 after the Civil War. Large variations in the subpolar gyre on a decade-century scale, associated with the North Atlantic oscillation, are especially pronounced in Labrador Sea Water, the upper layers of the MOC. Limited data makes the state of redfishes and deep-water species difficult to assess but most likely they remain vulnerable to overfishing. Meanwhile, the Scotia Arc and Caribbean Plate in the western Atlantic Basin are eastward-propagating subduction systems that might, together with the Gibraltar system, represent the beginning of the closure of the Atlantic Ocean and the final stage of the Atlantic Wilson cycle. To the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe: the Strait of Gibraltar (where it connects with the Mediterranean Sea—one of its marginal seas—and, in turn, the Black Sea, both of which also touch upon Asia) and Africa. Gold deposits are a mile or two under water on the ocean floor, however the deposits are also encased in rock that must be mined through. 211):[7] Atlantikôi pelágei (Greek: Ἀτλαντικῷ πελάγει; English: 'the Atlantic sea'; etym. [86], In the South-East Atlantic catches have decreased from 3.3 million tons in the early 1970s to 1.3 million tons in 2013. Although the lowest salinity values are just north of the equator (because of heavy tropical rainfall), in general, the lowest values are in the high latitudes and along coasts where large rivers enter. There are numerous submarine canyons off north-eastern North America, western Europe, and north-western Africa. [6], The oceans are the major source of the atmospheric moisture that is obtained through evaporation. Between the 15th century and 1888, when Brazil became the last part of the Americas to end the slave trade, an estimated ten million Africans were exported as slaves, most of them destined for agricultural labour. [78] Following these explorations, Spain and Portugal quickly conquered and colonized large territories in the New World and forced the Amerindian population into slavery in order to explore the vast quantities of silver and gold they found. In the early 19th century it was discovered that the southern Sargasso Sea is the spawning ground for both the European and American eel and that the former migrate more than 5,000 km (3,100 mi) and the latter 2,000 km (1,200 mi). [64], Humans evolved in Africa; first by diverging from other apes around 7 mya; then developing stone tools around 2.6 mya; to finally evolve as modern humans around 100 kya. The Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. [1] Including these marginal seas the coast line of the Atlantic measures 111,866 km (69,510 mi) compared to 135,663 km (84,297 mi) for the Pacific. [30], The remainder of the ridge was discovered in the 1920s by the German Meteor expedition using echo-sounding equipment. The NADW, in its turn, feeds the meridional overturning circulation (MOC), the northward heat transport of which is threatened by anthropogenic climate change. Pelagic fish stocks are considered fully fished or overfished, with sardines south of Cape Bojador the notable exception. A 2005 report indicated that the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) slowed down by 30% between 1957 and 2004. [38], North of the North Atlantic Gyre, the cyclonic North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre plays a key role in climate variability. Dyke swarms in Brazil, Angola, eastern Paraguay, and Namibia, however, suggest the LIP originally covered a much larger area and also indicate failed rifts in all these areas. Blue whiting reached a 2.4 million tons peak in 2004 but was down to 628,000 tons in 2013. Various estimates date the propagation of sea-floor spreading in this segment to the period 120–96 Ma. North Atlantic Central Water flows into South Atlantic Central Water at 15°N. [11] In contrast, the term "Atlantic" originally referred specifically to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and the sea off the Strait of Gibraltar and the North African coast. [6], From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and Baltic Sea. [24], Continental shelves in the Atlantic are wide off Newfoundland, southernmost South America, and north-eastern Europe. 'Sea of Atlantis') and in The Histories of Herodotus around 450 BC (Hdt. These include the Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, part of the Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Labrador Sea, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, almost all of the Scotia Sea, and other tributary water bodies. [36] The MSA population was small and dispersed and the rate of their reproduction and exploitation was less intense than those of later generations. [58], West Gondwana (South America and Africa) broke up in the Early Cretaceous to form the South Atlantic. In the middle latitudes, the area of maximum temperature variations, values may vary by 7–8 °C (13–14 °F). In La Riera Cave (23–13 kya) in Asturias, Spain, only some 26,600 molluscs were deposited over 10 kya. Spreading began opening the Labrador Sea around 61 million years ago, continuing until 36 million years ago. [83], The Atlantic has contributed significantly to the development and economy of surrounding countries. [53], The formation of the Central American Isthmus closed the Central American Seaway at the end of the Pliocene 2.8 Ma ago. The term "Aethiopian Ocean", derived from Ancient Ethiopia, was applied to the Southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century. 50 kya-old, deeply stratified shell middens found in Ysterfontein on the western coast of South Africa are associated with the Middle Stone Age (MSA). [59] Intra-continental rifts and deformations have also been introduced to subdivide both continental plates into sub-plates. Various shelves along the margins of the continents constitute about 11% of the bottom topography with few deep channels cut across the continental rise. [6], On average, the Atlantic is the saltiest major ocean; surface water salinity in the open ocean ranges from 33 to 37 parts per thousand (3.3–3.7%) by mass and varies with latitude and season. [17], The Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs and seas. Iceland began to form 62 million years ago due to a particularly concentrated mantle plume. The 20° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border. The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceans, with an area of about 106,460,000 km2 (41,100,000 sq mi). [6], In the North Atlantic, surface circulation is dominated by three inter-connected currents: the Gulf Stream which flows north-east from the North American coast at Cape Hatteras; the North Atlantic Current, a branch of the Gulf Stream which flows northward from the Grand Banks; and the Subpolar Front, an extension of the North Atlantic Current, a wide, vaguely defined region separating the subtropical gyre from the subpolar gyre. Arctic Intermediate Water, flows from north to become the source for North Atlantic Deep Water south of the Greenland-Scotland sill. In contrast, 8–7 kya-old shell middens in Portugal, Denmark, and Brazil generated thousands of tons of debris and artefacts. "[73] Others later proposed a "three-wave" migration over the Bering Land Bridge. Furthermore, it is clear from statistical analyses of annual tropical cyclones that these changes do not display multidecadal cyclicity. North Atlantic Central Water can be divided into the Eastern and Western North Atlantic central Water since the western part is strongly affected by the Gulf Stream and therefore the upper layer is closer to underlying fresher subpolar intermediate water. ", "The geological history of the North Atlantic Ocean", Atlantic Continental Shelf and Slope of the United States, "Problems and Prospects for the Pelagic Driftnet", "Huge Garbage Patch Found in Atlantic Too", Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, "The rise of Europe: Atlantic trade, institutional change and economic growth", "All roads lead to home: panmixia of European eel in the Sargasso Sea", "The Ysterfontein 1 Middle Stone Age rock shelter and the evolution of coastal foraging", "Archaeology of the continental shelf: marine resources, submerged landscapes and underwater archaeology", "Zircon U-Pb geochronology links the end-Triassic extinction with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province", "Decadal variability of subpolar gyre transport and its reverberation in the North Atlantic overturning", "Exploring the analogy between modern trafficking in humans and the trans-Atlantic slave trade", "Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25 N", "The fit of the continents around the Atlantic", "Are subduction zones invading the Atlantic? [28] A much vaguer, nameless boundary, between the North American and South American plates, intersects the MAR near or just north of the Fifteen-Twenty Fracture Zone, approximately at 16°N.[29]. Selon les chercheurs, ces résultats montrent que le réchauffement récent de la surface de l’océan Atlantique est sans précédent. The south tides in the Atlantic Ocean are semi-diurnal; that is, two high tides occur during every 24 lunar hours. Ajouter aux raccourcis. [86], Endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions, turtles, and whales. The North Atlantic covers 41,490,000 km2 (16,020,000 sq mi) (11.5%) and the South Atlantic 40,270,000 km2 (15,550,000 sq mi) (11.1%). [61], The equatorial segment is the last phase of the break-up, but, because it is located on the Equator, magnetic anomalies cannot be used for dating. Une équipe de chercheurs a récemment fourni la réponse grâce à l’analyse détaillée de sédiments lacustres. The Rockall Trough opened between 105 and 84 million years ago although along the rift failed along with one leading into the Bay of Biscay. Both these currents receive some contribution from the Indian Ocean. This involved little guesswork because the idea of sonar is straight forward with pulses being sent from the vessel, which bounce off the ocean floor, then return to the vessel. Theoliitic dikes, sills, and lava flows from the CAMP eruption at 200 Ma have been found in West Africa, eastern North America, and northern South America. [42], The Sargasso Sea in the western North Atlantic can be defined as the area where two species of Sargassum (S. fluitans and natans) float, an area 4,000 km (2,500 mi) wide and encircled by the Gulf Stream, North Atlantic Drift, and North Equatorial Current. The residence time of the gyre is 4.4–8.5 years. The oldest known mentions of an "Atlantic" sea come from Stesichorus around mid-sixth century BC (Sch. The MAR produces basaltic volcanoes in Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland, and pillow lava on the ocean floor. 31% of stocks are overfished in the North-west Atlantic. In 1500, in his voyage to India following Vasco da Gama, Pedro Alvares Cabral reached Brazil, taken by the currents of the South Atlantic Gyre. [6] [89], Marine debris, which is also known as marine litter, describes human-created waste floating in a body of water. [10] The Greek word thalassa has been reused by scientists for the huge Panthalassa ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea hundreds of millions of years ago. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea. Horse mackerel and hake are the most important species, together representing almost half of the landings. A third of this water becomes part of the deep portion of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). [95], Ocean between Europe, Africa and the Americas, "Atlantic", "North Atlantic", "South Atlantic", and "Atlantic Basin" redirect here. In the North-East Atlantic 21% of stocks are considered overfished. Selon de récentes données, l'Océan Atlantique aurait enregistré sa plus importante hausse de température au cours de cette dernière décennie. Currently, there is no cost-effective way to mine or extract gold from the ocean to make a profit. Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of gyres and coastlines, frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter. In the early 1990s, this finally resulted in the collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery. Selon une étude publiée par l'Université de Londres, une augmentation de la température à la surface de l'océan de l'ordre de 0,5°C a élevé de 40% le nombre d'ouragans dans l'océan Atlantique entre 1996 et 2005.