Le Mahatma a démontré qu’on peut être révolutionnaire sans être révolté, radical sans être exacerbé, intransigeant sans être sectaire, déterminé sans être violent. [44], Gandhi believed that swaraj not only can be attained with non-violence, it can be run with non-violence. [343] Gandhi believed that individuals should freely intermarry whomever they wish, but that no one should expect everyone to be his friend: every individual, regardless of background, has a right to choose whom he will welcome into his home, whom he will befriend, and whom he will spend time with. He asked Christians to stop humiliating his country and his people as heathens, idolators and other abusive language, and to change their negative views of India. [388] The Indian government later withdrew the revised edition. [336] Gandhi's public experiments, as they progressed, were widely discussed and criticised by his family members and leading politicians. [187], Godse, a Hindu nationalist with links to the extremist Hindu Mahasabha,[188] made no attempt to escape; several other conspirators were soon arrested as well. C’est pourquoi il adopta des intouchables et s’efforça – il en mourut – de réconcilier hindous et musulmans. At the request of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, conveyed to him by C. F. Andrews, Gandhi returned to India in 1915. Linked to this was his advocacy that khadi (homespun cloth) be worn by all Indians instead of British-made textiles. Download for offline reading, highlight, bookmark or take notes while you read SAS 81 Mort à Gandhi. [241] Pacifists criticised and questioned Gandhi, who defended these practices by stating, according to Sankar Ghose, "it would be madness for me to sever my connection with the society to which I belong". [204] A black marble platform, it bears the epigraph "Hē Rāma" (Devanagari: हे ! The place near Yamuna river where he was cremated is the Rāj Ghāt memorial in New Delhi. La personnalité du Mahatma était très appréciée à la cité du Vatican pour ses sentiments de solidarité humaine et pour l’œuvre à laquelle il s’était consacré en faveur de la réconciliation entre hindous (AFP). [112][113][114], By the end of 1922 the Khilafat movement had collapsed. If we want to learn the use of arms with the greatest possible despatch, it is our duty to enlist ourselves in the army. He planned to assist Indians in opposing a bill to deny them the right to vote, a right then proposed to be an exclusive European right. At a mass protest meeting held in Johannesburg on 11 September that year, Gandhi adopted his still evolving methodology of Satyagraha (devotion to the truth), or nonviolent protest, for the first time. Parions que c’est à ce Gandhi-là que le physicien Albert Einstein rendait le plus bel hommage, en 1944. En 1930, il organisa la célèbre marche des 200 milles et, en violation de la loi anglaise, l’extraction du sel marin. [153], Gandhi returned to active politics again in 1936, with the Nehru presidency and the Lucknow session of the Congress. [417], Time magazine named Gandhi the Man of the Year in 1930. At this point Gandhi called off the struggle, and around 100,000 political prisoners were released, including the Congress's leadership. [345] On 8 May 1933, Gandhi began a 21-day fast of self-purification and launched a year-long campaign to help the harijan movement. Les personnalités connues pour leur opposition à Gandhi ont été attaquées par la foule et leurs biens pillés ou brûlés. Some of them became life-long companions." Biographie. [48] In January 1888, he enrolled at Samaldas College in Bhavnagar State, then the sole degree-granting institution of higher education in the region. [444], "Mahatma Gandhi" is used by Cole Porter in his lyrics for the song You're the Top which is included in the 1934 musical Anything Goes. On 9 April, Gandhi was arrested. ». Try Prime EN Hello, Sign in Account & Lists Sign in Account & Lists Returns & Orders Try Prime Cart. La police, débordée, a fait appel à la troupe. M. Bévin a fait parvenir le message suivant à M. Krishana Menon, haut-commissaire de l’Inde à Londres : « Les mots manquent pour exprimer avec justesse ce que nous ressentons tous en face de cette cruelle disparition pour l’Inde. He believed that Christians should introspect on the "true meaning of religion" and get a desire to study and learn from Indian religions in the spirit of universal brotherhood. Gandhi's silence after the Khilafat period may represent an evolution in his understanding of the conflicting religious claims over Palestine, according to Kumaraswamy. Son corps ne semble pas compter. "[30] The Indian classics, especially the stories of Shravana and king Harishchandra, had a great impact on Gandhi in his childhood. Pursuing a strategy of nonviolent protest, Gandhi took the administration by surprise and won concessions from the authorities. On 6 April 1919, a Hindu festival day, he asked a crowd to remember not to injure or kill British people, but to express their frustration with peace, to boycott British goods and burn any British clothing they owned. [134] When women insisted that they join the movement and public demonstrations, according to Thapar-Bjorkert, Gandhi asked the volunteers to get permissions of their guardians and only those women who can arrange child-care should join him. De quoi serait mort . [142], During the discussions between Gandhi and the British government over 1931–32 at the Round Table Conferences, Gandhi, now aged about 62, sought constitutional reforms as a preparation to the end of colonial British rule, and begin the self-rule by Indians. Gandhi essuie alors « quatre coups de feu tirés à bout portant par un jeune Hindou de la province de Bombay qui a été arrêté sur les lieux de l’attentat », peut-on lire dans la Croix du 31 janvier 1948. [250] Gandhi's concept of satya as a civil movement, states Glyn Richards, are best understood in the context of the Hindu terminology of Dharma and Ṛta. [355] Nehru government's vision of an industrialised, centrally planned economy after 1947 had scant place for Gandhi's village-oriented approach. Danielson, Leilah C. "'In My Extremity I Turned to Gandhi': American Pacifists, Christianity, and Gandhian Nonviolence, 1915–1941. [22], Although he only had an elementary education and had previously been a clerk in the state administration, Karamchand proved a capable chief minister. Recalling the day of their marriage, he once said, "As we didn't know much about marriage, for us it meant only wearing new clothes, eating sweets and playing with relatives." In his autobiography, he admits that they left an indelible impression on his mind. [144] They invited Indian religious leaders, such as Muslims and Sikhs, to press their demands along religious lines, as well as B. R. Ambedkar as the representative leader of the untouchables. For five months, the administration refused but finally in end-May 1918, the Government gave way on important provisions and relaxed the conditions of payment of revenue tax until the famine ended. Communities across India announced plans to gather in greater numbers to protest. [447] Gandhi's date of death, 30 January, is commemorated as a Martyrs' Day in India. [110][111] His support for the Khilafat movement also helped him sideline Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who had announced his opposition to the satyagraha non-co-operation movement approach of Gandhi. Dès lors, il dirigea de sa cabane de Wardha, les destinées de l’Inde, vivant la vie des « intouchables ». [233] A Quaker mission in South Africa attempted to convert him to Christianity. In 1930, Gandhi wrote, "Such was the man who captivated my heart in religious matters as no other man ever has till now. [246] The first formulation of the satyagraha as a political movement and principle occurred in 1920, which he tabled as "Resolution on Non-cooperation" in September that year before a session of the Indian Congress. [91], In April 1918, during the latter part of World War I, the Viceroy invited Gandhi to a War Conference in Delhi. It has reduced us politically to serfdom." Trois jours plus tard, alors qu’il s’achemine vers son lieu de prières habituel en compagnie de ses deux petites-filles, Gandhi est abordé par un jeune homme à qui il adresse ces mots énigmatiques : « Vous êtes en retard, ce soir… ». [74][75], In 1906, the Transvaal government promulgated a new Act compelling registration of the colony's Indian and Chinese populations. The British government stopped the London press from showing photographs of his emaciated body, because it would elicit sympathy. [182] Some writers credit Gandhi's fasting and protests for stopping the religious riots and communal violence. HymenEnBonEtat MP. En fait, la non-violence gandhienne n’est pas orientale, mais occidentale, elle n’invite pas à la méditation hors des conflits, mais au combat contre l’injustice. He has invented a completely new and humane means for the liberation war of an oppressed country, and practised it with greatest energy and devotion. [385], Gandhi also wrote several books including his autobiography, The Story of My Experiments with Truth (Gujarātī "સત્યના પ્રયોગો અથવા આત્મકથા"), of which he bought the entire first edition to make sure it was reprinted. The 2010 biography, Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India by Joseph Lelyveld contained controversial material speculating about Gandhi's sexual life. [368] Gandhi opposed missionary organisations who criticised Indian religions then attempted to convert followers of Indian religions to Islam or Christianity. [239][240] Winston Churchill also compared Gandhi to a Sufi fakir. The last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 when he was 78,[12] also had the indirect goal of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan. [12][13] Among them was Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, who assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest.[13]. [41] He was an average student, won some prizes, but was a shy and tongue tied student, with no interest in games; his only companions were books and school lessons. Dans les semaines qui précèdent sa mort, Gandhi se dépense sans compter pour freiner les nombreuses exactions commises depuis la partition de l’Empire britannique des Indes, en août 1947. [109][103][105], Gandhi expanded his nonviolent non-co-operation platform to include the swadeshi policy – the boycott of foreign-made goods, especially British goods. Democracy meant settling disputes in a nonviolent manner; it required freedom of thought and expression. Alors qu’il se rendait à ses prières habituelles, il a essuyé quatre coups de feu tirés à bout portant par un jeune Hindou de la province de Bombay qui a été arrêté sur les lieux de l’attentat. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi[19] was born on 2 October 1869[20] into an Gujarati Modh Bania family of the Vaishya varna[21] in Porbandar (also known as Sudamapuri), a coastal town on the Kathiawar Peninsula and then part of the small princely state of Porbandar in the Kathiawar Agency of the Indian Empire. [179], The British reluctantly agreed to grant independence to the people of the Indian subcontinent, but accepted Jinnah's proposal of partitioning the land into Pakistan and India. « Tous les peuples du monde, dit le message présidentiel, ressentiront le sacrifice de Gandhi comme un appel les invitant à travailler, avec une vigueur accrue, pour la cause de la fraternité et de la paix, représentée par le mahatma. ». Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and worldwide as the International Day of Nonviolence. Gandhi's private secretary noted that "The question of the consistency between his creed of 'Ahimsa' (nonviolence) and his recruiting campaign was raised not only then but has been discussed ever since. He inspired Dr. King with his message of nonviolence. In this effort, he urged that they neither kill nor injure British people, but be willing to suffer and die if violence is initiated by the British officials. In April 1945, Gandhi referenced being naked with several "women or girls" in a letter to Birla as part of the experiments. ", India, with its rapid economic modernisation and urbanisation, has rejected Gandhi's economics[445] but accepted much of his politics and continues to revere his memory. His method of non-violent Satyagraha could easily attract masses and it fitted in with the interests and sentiments of business groups, better-off people and dominant sections of peasantry, who did not want an uncontrolled and violent social revolution which could create losses for them. "[93], Gandhi's first major achievement came in 1917 with the Champaran agitation in Bihar. [143] The British side sought reforms that would keep Indian subcontinent as a colony. His first two wives died young, after each had given birth to a daughter, and his third marriage was childless. The moral influence he had on the consciously thinking human being of the entire civilised world will probably be much more lasting than it seems in our time with its overestimation of brutal violent forces. [162] His countrymen retaliated the arrests by damaging or burning down hundreds of government owned railway stations, police stations, and cutting down telegraph wires. At UCL, he studied law and jurisprudence and was invited to enroll at Inner Temple with the intention of becoming a barrister. Il décida alors de se consacrer entièrement à la défense des 150 000 hindous immigrés dans ce pays et fonda en 1903 la « Transvaal British Indian Association ». He believed that slaughtering animals is unnecessary, as other sources of foods are available. Mort sous les balles d'un extrémiste hindou, le 30 janvier 1948, le Mahatma (« grande âme ») Gandhi a contribué à libérer l'Inde. De quoi est décédée Indira Gandhi ? Add to Lightbox Download. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 d'octubre de 1869 – 30 de gener de 1948) va ser un pensador i polític indi.Se'l coneix amb el sobrenom de Mahatma o Mahatma Gandhi (la paraula mahatma significa 'gran ànima'; prové de les formes del sànscrit maha- 'gran' i atma- 'ànima'), o bapu (de l'hindi 'pare'). He helped found the Natal Indian Congress in 1894,[26][66] and through this organisation, he moulded the Indian community of South Africa into a unified political force. Gandhi had a clash with Subhas Chandra Bose, who had been elected president in 1938, and who had previously expressed a lack of faith in nonviolence as a means of protest. [88], In the years after black South Africans gained the right to vote in South Africa (1994), Gandhi was proclaimed a national hero with numerous monuments.[89]. [178] Gandhi visited the most riot-prone areas to appeal a stop to the massacres. He committed himself early to truthfulness, temperance, chastity, and vegetarianism. [267] The concept of nonviolence (ahimsa) has a long history in Indian religious thought, with it being considered the highest dharma (ethical value virtue), a precept to be observed towards all living beings (sarvbhuta), at all times (sarvada), in all respects (sarvatha), in action, words and thought. La mort de Gandhi qui rappelle que les extrémistes hindouistes existent . Lisez le TOP 10 des citations de Gandhi pour mieux comprendre sa vie, ses actes et sa philosophie. [401] Others include Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan,[402] Steve Biko, and Aung San Suu Kyi. [338][339] None of the women who participated in the brahmachari experiments of Gandhi indicated that they had sex or that Gandhi behaved in any sexual way. [141], Gandhi participated in the South African war against the Boers, on the British side in 1899. [214], Gandhi's London lifestyle incorporated the values he had grown up with. ». [97], In 1918, Kheda was hit by floods and famine and the peasantry was demanding relief from taxes. In Modern Review, June 1930, Gandhi wrote about their first encounter in 1891 at Dr. P.J. En 1922, Gandhi fut condamné à six ans de prison. Retrouvez toutes les phrases célèbres de Gandhi parmi une sélection de + de 100 000 citations célèbres provenant d'ouvrages, d'interviews ou de discours. He stated that spiritual studies must encourage "a Hindu to become a better Hindu, a Mussalman to become a better Mussalman, and a Christian a better Christian. More than half a million were killed in religious riots as 10 million to 12 million non-Muslims (Hindus and Sikhs mostly) migrated from Pakistan into India, and Muslims migrated from India into Pakistan, across the newly created borders of India, West Pakistan and East Pakistan. Puis M. Van Langenhove a rappelé que « les idées de la non-violence de l’Union, de l’entente et de la fraternité incarnées par Gandhi sur les principes même de l’ONU ». [104][105][106] Gandhi's support to the Khilafat movement led to mixed results. Les Dominions s’étant plus ou moins réconciliés, il cessait son jeûne quelques jours plus tard. The government called on nutritional experts to demystify his action, and again no photos were allowed. [35] His mother came from the medieval Krishna bhakti-based Pranami tradition, whose religious texts include the Bhagavad Gita, the Bhagavata Purana, and a collection of 14 texts with teachings that the tradition believes to include the essence of the Vedas, the Quran and the Bible. [185], Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru addressed his countrymen over the All-India Radio saying:[186], Friends and comrades, the light has gone out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere, and I do not quite know what to tell you or how to say it. For example, in 1935, N. A. Toothi stated that Gandhi was influenced by the reforms and teachings of the Swaminarayan tradition of Hinduism. "This is not the Swaraj I want", said Gandhi. [346] This campaign was not universally embraced by the Dalit community: Ambedkar and his allies felt Gandhi was being paternalistic and was undermining Dalit political rights. The print version of this textbook is ISBN: 9782360533411, 236053341X. Salma Sultan (en) a donné les premières nouvelles de l'assassinat de Gandhi aux nouvelles du soir de Doordarshan le 31 octobre 1984, plus de dix heures après sa mort. Another urn is at the palace of the Aga Khan in Pune (where Gandhi was held as a political prisoner from 1942 to 1944) and another in the Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine in Los Angeles. Gandhi took Gokhale's liberal approach based on British Whiggish traditions and transformed it to make it look Indian. D’après l’agence Reuters, le Souverain pontife a exprimé son profond chagrin pour « la perte du grand homme qui était le chef spirituel de millions d’Indiens et qui a toujours lutté pour la paix ». Gandhi favoured an education system with far greater emphasis on learning skills in practical and useful work, one that included physical, mental and spiritual studies. [71], Years later, Gandhi and his colleagues served and helped Africans as nurses and by opposing racism, according to the Nobel Peace Prize winner Nelson Mandela. Qui est Mahatma Gandhi ? Vous rappelez-vous de la cause de leur décès ? On a aussi attribué la décolonisation de l’Inde au fair-play des gentlemen britanniques, comme si le colonialisme anglais n’était pas aussi impitoyable que le colonialisme belge ou français. de dégoût . However, they differed sharply on political strategy. [170] At the end of the war, the British gave clear indications that power would be transferred to Indian hands. [120] The British government ignored him and passed the law, stating it would not yield to threats. Après les sources de l'époque, d'une pleuropneumonie attrapée en cours d'une partie ed chasse en plein hiver: [333] Gandhi began experiments with these, and in 1906 at age 37, although married and a father, he vowed to abstain from sexual relations. 60e anniversaire de la mort de Gandhi. [422] Geir Lundestad, Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, "The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize. [198], For years after the assassination, states Markovits, "Gandhi's shadow loomed large over the political life of the new Indian Republic". [436][437] The opera's libretto, taken from the Bhagavad Gita, is sung in the original Sanskrit. On 13 April 1919, people including women with children gathered in an Amritsar park, and a British officer named Reginald Dyer surrounded them and ordered his troops to fire on them. [191], According to Guha, Nehru and his Congress colleagues called on Indians to honour Gandhi's memory and even more his ideals. [233][234][235], His comparative studies of religions and interaction with scholars, led him to respect all religions as well as become concerned about imperfections in all of them and frequent misinterpretations. À la suite de l’assassinat du Mahatma, des troubles se sont produits à Bombay et dans la région. [215], According to Bhikhu Parekh, three books that influenced Gandhi most in South Africa were William Salter's Ethical Religion (1889); Henry David Thoreau's On the Duty of Civil Disobedience (1849); and Leo Tolstoy's The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1894). [370], Gandhi believed in the sarvodaya economic model, which literally means "welfare, upliftment of all". As a child, Gandhi was described by his sister Raliat as "restless as mercury, either playing or roaming about. Rien ne frappe en lui, d’abord, qu’une expression de grande patience et de grand amour. Garvas. Further, it would also show the British that his fellow Indians were "their subjects by choice rather than out of cowardice." [426][427] However, in response to an RTI application in 2012, the Government of India stated that the Constitution of India did not permit any titles except ones acquired through education or military service. Gandhi, lui, reste attaché plus que tout à l'unité de l'Inde. [435], The 1979 opera Satyagraha by American composer Philip Glass is loosely based on Gandhi's life. [320][321] He tried fresh and dry fruits (Fruitarianism), then just sun dried fruits, before resuming his prior vegetarian diet on advice of his doctor and concerns of his friends. [208][209] At age 57 he declared himself to be Advaitist Hindu in his religious persuasion, but added that he supported Dvaitist viewpoints and religious pluralism. After he returned to India, people flocked to him because he reflected their values. Gandhi is commonly, though not formally, considered the Father of the Nation in India,[14][15] and was commonly called Bapu[16] (Gujarati: endearment for father,[17] papa[17][18]). [420], Gandhi did not receive the Nobel Peace Prize, although he was nominated five times between 1937 and 1948, including the first-ever nomination by the American Friends Service Committee,[421] though he made the short list only twice, in 1937 and 1947. Gandhi's death helped marshal support for the new government and legitimise the Congress Party's control, leveraged by the massive outpouring of Hindu expressions of grief for a man who had inspired them for decades. He also wrote extensively on vegetarianism, diet and health, religion, social reforms, etc. [150] According to Jaffrelot, Gandhi's views evolved between the 1920s and 1940s; by 1946, he actively encouraged intermarriage between castes. A military is unnecessary, because any aggressor can be thrown out using the method of non-violent non-co-operation. [135], At various occasions, Gandhi credited his orthodox Hindu mother, and his wife, for first lessons in satyagraha. [150] The resulting public outcry forced the government, in consultations with Ambedkar, to replace the Communal Award with a compromise Poona Pact. It gained Churchill sympathetic support, but it also increased support for Gandhi among Europeans. Congress publicised the fasts as a political action that generated widespread sympathy. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi est un homme politique qui a permis à l'Inde de devenir un État indépendant en 1947. We may all be happy and grateful that destiny gifted us with such an enlightened contemporary, a role model for the generations to come. He believed vegetarianism to be a moral movement and that Allinson should therefore no longer remain a member of the LVS. During this period, his long time secretary Mahadev Desai died of a heart attack, his wife Kasturba died after 18 months' imprisonment on 22 February 1944; and Gandhi suffered a severe malaria attack. SAS 81 Mort à Gandhi by Gérard de Villiers and Publisher Gérard de Villiers - SAS. Le film retrace différents éléments célèbres de la vie de Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi et de la lutte pour l'indépendance indienne. "[130] British violence, Gandhi promised, was going to be defeated by Indian non-violence. This legacy connects him to Nelson Mandela...in a sense Mandela completed what Gandhi started."[404]. Des centaines de milliers de personnes jalonnaient le parcours d’une dizaine de kilomètres entre Birla House et le fleuve. Gandhi moved his headquarters to Nadiad,[98] organising scores of supporters and fresh volunteers from the region, the most notable being Vallabhbhai Patel. They were auxiliaries at the Battle of Colenso to a White volunteer ambulance corps. [191][192], Gandhi's death was mourned nationwide. De quoi nourrir vos convictions personnelles avec la référence Mort A Gandhi si la seconde main fait partie intégrante de vos habitudes d'achat. Je l’ai présentée comme une méthode politique destinée à résoudre des problèmes politiques. Gandhi had already supported the British crown with resources and by recruiting Indian soldiers to fight the war in Europe on the British side. [380] He argued that no man can degrade or brutalise the other without degrading and brutalising himself and that sustainable economic growth comes from service, not from exploitation. Gandhi criticised Western civilisation as one driven by "brute force and immorality", contrasting it with his categorisation of Indian civilisation as one driven by "soul force and morality". Gandhi also shared his bed with 18-year-old Abha, wife of his grandnephew Kanu. [59][60] He spent 21 years in South Africa, where he developed his political views, ethics and politics. [51] In July 1888, his wife Kasturba gave birth to their first surviving son, Harilal. Nehru became his political heir. [11] As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjab and Bengal. [159] He also condemned Nazism and Fascism, a view which won endorsement of other Indian leaders. [83] Scholars cite it as an example of evidence that Gandhi at that time thought of Indians and black South Africans differently. Before this initiative of Gandhi, communal disputes and religious riots between Hindus and Muslims were common in British India, such as the riots of 1917–18. [65] Gandhi began to question his people's standing in the British Empire. [26][59], In April 1893, Gandhi aged 23, set sail for South Africa to be the lawyer for Abdullah's cousin. [169], While the leaders of Congress languished in jail, the other parties supported the war and gained organizational strength. Suite à cet évènement, Gandhi a mis fin à ses actions politiques. [163] While in jail, he agreed to an interview with Stuart Gelder, a British journalist. [26] Some of the vegetarians he met were members of the Theosophical Society, which had been founded in 1875 to further universal brotherhood, and which was devoted to the study of Buddhist and Hindu literature. [150] Ambedkar and Gandhi debated their ideas and concerns, each trying to persuade the other. [319], Beyond his religious beliefs, Gandhi stated another motivation for his experiments with diet. Goodbye Mister Newman ! [149] In protest, Gandhi started a fast-unto-death, while he was held in prison. 1866–1913). Gandhi's ashes were poured into urns which were sent across India for memorial services. It was in South Africa that Gandhi raised a family, and first employed nonviolent resistance in a campaign for civil rights. Alors qu’il n’a que 16 ans, son père meurt d’une maladie alors que Gandhi ne peut malheureusement pas assister à ses derniers instants. He bankrolled the LVS and was a captain of industry with his Thames Ironworks company employing more than 6,000 people in the East End of London. If these gentlemen choose to occupy your homes, you will vacate them. But they must wait for its fulfillment till Arab opinion is ripe for it. SAS 81 Mort à Gandhi - Ebook written by Gérard de Villiers. [329], Some historians such as Angela Woollacott and Kumari Jayawardena state that even though Gandhi often and publicly expressed his belief in the equality of sexes, yet his vision was one of gender difference and complementarity between them. [126], After his early release from prison for political crimes in 1924, over the second half of the 1920s, Gandhi continued to pursue swaraj. Abdullah owned a large successful shipping business in South Africa. To persuade his wife and mother, Gandhi made a vow in front of his mother that he would abstain from meat, alcohol and women. [428], A five-hour nine-minute long biographical documentary film,[429] Mahatma: Life of Gandhi, 1869–1948, made by Vithalbhai Jhaveri[430] in 1968, quoting Gandhi's words and using black and white archival footage and photographs, captures the history of those times. They offered a total salary of £105 (~$17,200 in 2019 money) plus travel expenses. [158] Over 2.5 million Indians ignored Gandhi, volunteered and joined on the British side. 1 Si je devais définir la religion, je dirais que c'est un bandage que l'homme a inventé pour protéger l'âme blessée par les circonstances. [343][344], In 1932, Gandhi began a new campaign to improve the lives of the untouchables, whom he began to call harijans, "the children of god". Not one of the marchers even raised an arm to fend off blows.