Johann Christoph Friedrich (von) Schiller est un poète, écrivain et théoricien de l'esthétique, né le 10 novembre 1759 à Marbach am Neckar et mort le 9 mai 1805 à Weimar. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. . Schiller wrote his most popular play, Maria Stuart, in 1800. The struggle against love is a struggle for a high goal, and it is not the love of Don Carlos for the Queen or his friendship for the Marquis of Posa that forms the crux of the play but the ideal of spiritual and national freedom. His adolescence under the rule of a petty tyrant confronted Schiller with the problem of the use and abuse of power, a theme that recurs in most of his plays. Friedrich Schiller Work Mind Ideas The world is ruled only by consideration of advantages. Against the wishes of the parents, who had hoped to have their son trained for the ministry, the Duke decreed that young Friedrich was to prepare for the study of law; later, however, he was allowed to transfer to medicine. A statue of Friedrich Schiller by Max von Widnmann stands in Schiller Park, in Columbus, Ohio's German Village, in the United States.. Friedrich Schiller: Drama, Thought and Politics. He decides to give himself up to justice, thus submitting to the law that he had flouted. Adapted in verse drama by Peter Oswald. In 1790 Schiller married Charlotte von Lengefeld, a cultured young woman of good family, who bore him two sons and two daughters. Schiller revealed his technical mastery at its most supreme in Wilhelm Tell (1804). During this period Christian Gottfried Körner generously offered Schiller financial help and hospitality, becoming his patron and friend. Dec. 2, 2020. Schiller launched into a period of productivity that ensured his fame and social position. She had rented a simple ground-floor room to Schiller and another lieutenant. Encyclopedia of World Biography. A period of great deprivation and uncertainty followed until Schiller became dramatist at the Mannheim theater in September 1783. Poem Hunter › Friedrich Schiller › Poems. Each signals a new departure in style. His later poetry encompasses the more popular in style (for example, his ballads and "Das Lied von der Glocke" ([The song of the bell]), but he also used poetry as a meditation on the nature of art (for example, in "Das Ideal und das Leben" [The ideal and life] and "Der Tanz" [The Dance]). With its historical setting and its use of blank verse to explore a theme of love versus duty, this play would prove important to Schiller's dramatic development. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/schiller-johann-christoph-friedrich-von. The Wallenstein plays stress Schiller's view of man as a creative force, and they exhibit his concept of historical inevitability. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Born on 10 November 1759 in Marbach, in Württemberg, the only son of a low-ranking army officer, Schiller was educated from 1773 to 1780 at the military academy founded by Karl Eugen, duke of Württemberg (1728–1793). . In 1804, Schiller published his greatest literary achievement, Wilhelm Tell, a powerful blend of history and heroic fiction. 19 Dec. 2020 . Weimar, 1943–. Schiller occupied himself for many years afterward with the themes he employed in this drama. 3: German Literature of the 18th and 19th Centuries, edited by August Closs (1970). His first play, Die Räuber (1781; The robbers), premiered at the Mannheim National Theater in 1782. Why your go-to-market strategy should be industry focused; Dec. 1, 2020. Oxford and New York, 1991. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/johann-christoph-friedrich-von-schiller, "Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller In the third issue of Thalia Schiller published part of Don Carlos. Updates? Johann Kaspar Schiller and his wife, Dorothea. It was Schiller who encouraged Goethe to continue with his work on Faust (1808, 1832) after he had abandoned the future masterpiece. Friedrich Schiller, in full Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller, (born Nov. 10, 1759, Marbach, Württemberg [Germany]—died May 9, 1805, Weimar, Saxe-Weimar), leading German dramatist, poet, and literary theorist, best remembered for such dramas as Die Räuber (1781; The Robbers), the Wallenstein trilogy (1800–01), Maria Stuart (1801), and Wilhelm Tell (1804). "Schiller, Friedrich von Sharpe, Lesley. Schiller-Handbuch. Translated by Robert David MacDonald. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/johann-christoph-friedrich-von-schiller. "Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller A friend gave him a post at the Mannheim Theater in 1783, and he was offered generous financial assistance by patron and friend Christian Gottfried Körner. In all of Schiller's earliest tragedies—Die Räuber, Die Verschwörung des Fiesko, and Kabale und Liebe—he presents either a great criminal, a great adventurer, or a great enthusiast. I am looking for the Poem of Friedrich von Schiller " The Friendship "Georgette (4/10/2019 4:46:00 PM) Poem re valley drear, blissful sphere. In them he comes nearest to the tragic grandeur of William Shakespeare and Heinrich von Kleist. Gale Contextual Encyclopedia of World Literature, GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749–1832; elevated to the nobility as von Goethe in 1782) Johann Christoph Friedrich Schiller, ab 1802 von Schiller (* 10. ." As a boy, Schiller, under the influence of Philipp Ulrich Moser, a parson, wanted to become a preacher. At the same time he was writing his first play, Die Räuber, which was published in 1781. Il professore che più influenzò Schiller fu però Jakob Friedrich von Abel (1751-1829) insegnante di filosofia e psicologia: fu proprio Abel a destare in Schiller l'interesse sia per la nascente psicologia del tempo, che egli stesso promuoveva, sia per quella che oggi verrebbe chiamata psichiatria forense o, più precisamente, psicopatologia delle menti criminali. Art, said Schiller, teaches man how to overcome his desires. ——. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. When the Duke heard of this visit, he sentenced the poet to a fortnight’s detention and forbade him to write any more plays. On the Aesthetic Education of Man, in a Series of Letters. Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller was a German playwright, poet, physician, philosopher and historian who rose to prominence in the 18th century and is associated with the Weimer Classicism movement. During this time he composed Die Verschwörung des Fiesko zu Genua (1783) and Kabale und Liebe (1784). https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/schiller-friedrich-von, "Schiller, Friedrich von His mother, Elisabeth Dorothea, the daughter of a Marbach innkeeper, was a gentle and religious person. The action-filled plots, strong characters, and thrilling encounters of Schiller's plays have not only guaranteed their continued place on the world stage but have inspired numerous opera composers, Giuseppe Verdi being the most prominent. In the fragmentary drama Demetrius, Schiller unfolds a mysterious fate, revealing through his analytical dramatic technique a past crime more terrible to contemplate than any dread of the future. Don Carlos and Mary Stuart. . ." He gave jubilant expression to his new mood of contentment in his hymn “An die Freude” (“Ode to Joy”), which Beethoven was to use for the choral movement of his Ninth Symphony. By this time, Prussia had emerged to first rank among the German territories, especially through the military brilliance of Frederick the Great, who ruled Prussia from 1740 until 1786. More brilliantly than any of his predecessors, he revealed the power of drama and poetry in expressing a philosophy that emphasized both his idealism and his concern for human freedom. Thinkers such as Carl Gustav Jung, Friederich Nietzsche, Friederich Hegel, and Karl Marx were also indebted to the ideas Schiller set forth in his philosophical and aesthetical works. Hugo von Hofmannsthal was…, Friedrichs (real name, Christofes), Fritz. Blank verse had been used by German playwrights before (notably Gotthold Ephraim Lessing in Nathan der Weise [1779]), but it was Schiller’s Don Carlos, together with Goethe’s Iphigenie auf Tauris (1787), that definitely established it as the recognized medium of German poetic drama. Werke und Briefe. The Life of Friedrich Schiller. Schiller could therefore claim to have written in defense of law and morality. Dewhurst, Kenneth, and Nigel Reeves. Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller was born in Marbach, Württemberg, of Lutheran parents. World Encyclopedia. (December 19, 2020). When his contract expired after a year, it was not renewed; and once again Schiller needed the help of friends to extricate him from both his financial predicament and an emotional crisis caused by his attachment to a married woman, the charming but unstable Charlotte von Kalb. His father, Johannes Kaspar Schiller, was an officer and surgeon. The inspiration for these poems was a 30-year-old widow, Dorothea Vischer, who had three children. Schiller accepted and had the satisfaction of seeing Kabale und Liebe score a resounding success, but his hopes of clearing his debts and gaining a measure of financial security were doomed. Goethe, who was in Italy at the time, returned to Weimar in the following year. Schiller besaß fünf Geschwi… Description and history. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Schiller married Charlotte von Lengefeld in 1790. Gale Contextual Encyclopedia of World Literature. His final major treatise, Über naive und sentimentalische Dichtung (1795; On naive and sentimental poetry), defines the problem of the modern ("sentimental") writer's divided consciousness. Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von In 1763, his father was appointed as a recruiting officer at Schwabisch Gmund, Germany. Friedrich von Schiller (Friedrich o Federico Schiller; Marbach, Alemania, 1759 - Weimar, id., 1805) Escritor, filósofo e historiador alemán considerado el mejor dramaturgo de la historia de la escena alemana. 19 Dec. 2020 . "Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von 12 vols. Goethe's residence in Weimar was a main reason for Schiller's move there, from Jena with his family, in 1799. Early in 1790 Schiller married Charlotte von Lengefeld, a gifted writer. Kristin Lavransdatter (1920), a novel by Sigrid Undset. In the nineteenth century, critics admired Schiller's taste and feeling and his concern for human freedom. It featured a noblewoman character based on his friend, Charlotte von Kalb. German Significance Though the reverence Germany has bestowed upon Schiller might seem excessive, the cultural, artistic, and historical opinion of the country that influenced his writing during the eighteenth century helps provide an explanation. H…, von Gruber, Max (1853-1927) For a time he lay critically ill, and, although he rallied after several relapses, he never fully recovered from a combination of chest trouble and digestive disorder that proved intractable. GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749–1832; elevated to the nobil…, Novalis (Friedrich Leopold von Hardenberg; 1772–1802) His first three plays, Die Räuber, Die Verschwörung des Fiesko zu Genua (1783; The conspiracy of Fiesko at Genoa), and Kabale und Liebe (1784; Intrigue and love) owe much in style and spirit to the short-lived but influential avantgarde literary movement of the 1770s, the Sturm und Drang. Rather it should bring out the poetry of the play, thereby converting the modern world into a poetic one. Schiller, however, proved that Germany could compete with—and in some ways surpass—the creative and intellectual achievements of any other country. In a paper, address these questions: How would the lack of a patron affect an author's literary output? Its chorus has passages of lyrical and rhetorical magnificence. Őt tartják a legjelentősebb német drámaírónak, továbbá Goethe, Wieland és Herder mellett a weimari klasszikusok legfontosabb képviselőjének. Friedrich von Schiller November 10, 1759 - May 9, 1805 Johann Christopher Friedrich von Schiller’s major poetic and dramatic works — Die Räuber (1782), Don Carlos (1787), Wallenstein Stuart (1800) and Wilhelm Tell (1804) — all express a yearning for escape from tyranny. In 1789 he was appointed professor of history at the University of Jena, on the strength of his Geschichte des Abfalls der vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung (History of the revolt of the United Netherlands from Spanish rule, 1787). A chance meeting between Schiller and Goethe in 1794 and the ensuing exchange of letters mark the beginning of their friendship, a union of opposites that forms an inspiring chapter in the history of German letters. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. In Don Carlos the conflict between love and the demands of the state was exalted into the idea of the dignity and freedom of man. He brought with him the manuscript of a new work, Die Verschwörung des Fiesko zu Genua (1783; Fiesco; or, the Genoese Conspiracy), subtitled “a republican tragedy”: the drama of the rise and fall of a would-be dictator, set in 16th-century Genoa, picturing, in Schiller’s own phrase, “ambition in action, and ultimately defeated.”. NOVALIS (Friedrich Leopold von Hardenberg; 1772–1802) The subject of this poem is purely the growth of a powerful personality beyond the confines of the self into a higher world. Achim von Arnim Don Carlos marks a major turning point in Schiller’s development as a dramatist. In his poem Die Götter Griechenlands Schiller had looked upon Greece with the eyes of Johann Joachim Winckelmann, the classical archeologist and historian of ancient art. After 1790 Schiller became intensely interested in the philosophy and esthetics of Immanuel Kant. Of the many critical biographies see William Witte, Schiller (1949) and Schiller and Burns (1959). But by means of the esthetic form man can "annihilate" the material aspects of life and triumph over transient matter. Wallenstein. Oxford and New York, 1967. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Prezi Video + Unsplash: Access over two million images to tell your story through video Don Carlos was important in Schiller's dramatic development not only for its use of a historical setting but also for its employment of blank verse. diffuse, and romantic not only in regard to the material itself but also in regard to the poetic character of the heroine. Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller Friedrich Schiller was the second child of Lieut. ——. In the second year of their married life, Schiller’s health gave way under the strain of perpetual overwork. Although he completed other works before his death, Schiller's literary output was interrupted by illness, and he died in Weimar on May 9, 1805. In it Schiller points out that the "naive" poet has an advantage over other poets in his powerful, sensitive, and inherent clarity, while the "sentimentalische" poet has an advantage in his power of moral enthusiasm. the beginning of a succession of agonizing debts that characterized Schiller's early career. In 1794 he formed a friendship and alliance with Goethe based on shared convictions about the enduring validity of classical principles in art and about the centrality of art as a human activity. Growing up in a very poor environment, Schiller eventually managed to get the support of a wealthy duke that enabled him to study medicine. Filled with dramatic events, romantic intrigue, and political conspiracy, this work helped win its author the 1928 Nobel Prize. Schiller was financially desperate, but not without acquaintances. The artist frees form from material in the same manner that waves separate a reflection from its source. SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1759–1805), German dramatist, poet, historian, and philosopher. Oxford: Blackwell, 1949. ." Johann Christoph Friedrich Schiller (n. 10 noiembrie 1759, Marbach am Neckar, Sfântul Imperiu Roman – d. 9 mai 1805, Weimar, Saxa-Weimar), înnobilat în anul 1802 ca Friedrich von Schiller, a fost un poet și dramaturg german, considerat unul din clasicii poeziei germane. Artistry dominates it at the cost of poetry. Schiller's work as a poet and dramatist falls into two distinct periods: before 1789 and from the mid-1790s to his death. Gender: Male Race or Ethnicity: White Sexual orientation: Straight Braveheart (1995), a film directed by Mel Gibson. Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (10 November 1759 – 9 May 1805), usually known as Friedrich Schiller, was a German poet, physician, historian, dramatist, and playwright. Even the German language itself was the cause of considerable debate, as some scholars asserted that the German tongue was not fit to be an agent of literary expression. 1967), which has an extensive introduction about Schiller along with some of his works; and John Martin Ellis, Schiller's Kalliasbriefe and the Study of His Aesthetic Theory (1969). Reed, T. J. Schiller. His theory of the sublime in tragedy claims that tragedy mediates an experience of transcendence derived from the awareness that human beings may assert their moral freedom even while being physically destroyed (see in particular "Über das Pathetische" [On tragic pity]). This movie depicts life and war in thirteenth-century Scotland. These three plays—Wallensteins Lager, Piccolomini, and Wallensteins Tod—represent Schiller's most powerful tragedy. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791): This Austrian composer was hailed for his large musical output as well as his musical genius. ." Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller was a German poet, philosopher, historian, and playwright. Oxford: Clarendon, 1954. An important correspondence between the two poets followed. Blog. Encyclopedia.com. This work of historical fiction is told from the perspective of Anne Boleyn's sister Mary, who was King Henry VIII's mistress before he married Anne. Written in vigorous prose and showing the impact of the Sturm und Drang generation's reception of William Shakespeare, the plays explore flawed idealism, the charismatic leader, social divisions, and the impatience of the young with the imperfections of the world. It hinders the creative work of the mind if the intellect examines too closely the ideas as they pour in. Literary Friendships Schiller continued his dramatic pursuits, publishing and producing several plays and completing Don Carlos, Infante of Spain in 1787. Schiller strove to capture the essence of "freedom and art." Professor of German, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, 1951–77. Author of. Nationalausgabe. Johann Christoph Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805) is best known for his immense influence on German literature. 19 Dec. 2020 . Gale Contextual Encyclopedia of World Literature. In 1795 he wrote in his Ü ber die aesthetische Erziehung des Menschen, "There is no other way to make the sensuous man rational and reasonable than by first making him esthetic." Together they reflect Schiller's preoccupation with some of the pressing themes of the age of the French Revolution: legitimacy of government, conscience versus political calculation, and the individual within the tide of events. In the opening strophe of this work, man, standing on the threshold of a new century, is depicted as the master of nature. Late Work and Death After completing a tragic trilogy based on the Thirty Years War (the 1618–1648) war of religion between Protestants and Catholics fought mainly in Germany but involving most of the major powers in Europe) that critics have compared with the dramas of Shakespeare, Schiller's correspondence with Goethe flourished, and Schiller eventually joined Goethe in Weimar, which was known as the “German Athens” because its ruler, Karl August, had succeeded in making it a center of art and culture. Fiesko contemplates the idea that it is great to win a crown but that it is divine to be able to cast it off. On one level, the work is a domestic drama concerned with the relations between the aging King Philip II of Spain, his third consort, Elizabeth of Valois, and his son by his first marriage, Don Carlos, who is in love with his stepmother. For a discussion of Sturm and Drang and Weimar classicism see the relevant chapters in Ernst L. Stahl and W. E. Yuill, Introductions to German Literature, vol. In this play Schiller for once placed history and hero in favorable conjunction. 1845). The plan failed, and he was convicted and hanged for his role in the conspiracy. He also collaborated with both Goethe and Schiller in Weimar. ." The chorus, he wrote, should not be an accompaniment to the drama as in some ancient plays. (December 19, 2020). AKA Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller. In 1791 he turned to the German philosopher Immanuel Kant's philosophy. © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Wilhelm Tell Since its debut in 1804, Wilhelm Tell has remained a work that is frequently performed and read. The change of focus from the domestic to the political sphere produced a play of inordinate length and a tortuous plot. He also began work on Don Carlos, Infant von Spanien, which appeared in 1785 and in its revised form in 1787. In 1788 Schiller's poems Die Götter Griechenlands and Die Künstler appeared, and that same year he published Geschichte des Abfalls der vereinigten Niederlande, a history of the revolt of the Netherlands against Spain. They had met once before, in December 1779, Schiller decided to devote part of this time to studying the philosophy of Immanuel Kant. ." When the old Count Moor disowns Karl, the young man turns brigand and defies all established authority at the head of a band of outlaws, until, before long, he discovers that however corrupt the existing order may be, violence and anarchy do not offer a workable alternative and society cannot be reformed by terrorism and crime. Gale Contextual Encyclopedia of World Literature. The character of Queen Elisabeth of Valois was to some extent based on that of Charlotte von Kalb, an intimate friend. Max von Gruber's discovery of specific bacterial agglutination in 1896 laid the gro…, Hofmannsthal, Hugo von As with Elizabeth, the decisive factor in her fate lies in her personality and not in politics. The compositional difficulties Schiller encountered with Don Carlos provoked a creative crisis, and though he wrote two seminal poems in 1788, "Die Götter Griechenlandes" (The gods of Greece) and "Die Künstler" (The artists), he turned away for almost a decade from creative writing, with the purpose of clarifying his thoughts on art in general and tragedy in particular. Retrieved December 19, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/schiller-johann-christoph-friedrich-von. His appointment at the Mannheim lasted a single year because the management wanted drama that avoided the extravagances of Schiller's The Robbers and Intrigue and Love (1784), his next major play. On July 20, 1794, after a meeting in Jena of a nature society of which both were honorary members, Goethe went to Schiller's house to continue a discussion on the interpretation of natural phenomena, the metamorphosis of plants, and the interrelationship or separation between idea and experience. Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich Von (1759–1805) In February 1803 he was created a nobleman. A loan toward the publication of Die Räuber marked Friedrich Schiller wurde am 10. (December 19, 2020). Mary remains a noble and tragic character right up to the scaffold. They also bear the imprint of Schiller's medical training at the military academy and in particular of his interest in the problem of mind-body relationships.